INDIVIDUALS develop their personalities through activities such as communication, problem-solving, bonding/cooperation/identity formation, and encouragement, based on:

(1) Their physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs, (2) Being shaped by hierarchical authoritative institutions, (3) In a class-based society, (4) Resulting from interactions that shape their perceptions based on their knowledge, professions, mental states, social environments, learning opportunities, expectations, impressions, and attitudes/prejudices, (5) Through socialization and the resulting socio-cultural accumulations (memories), (6) And the roles they acquire (status, position).

Personality Development is examined according to:

• Psychoanalytic views of Freud, Adler, Jung, and Fromm, focusing on the development of ID, Ego, and Superego,
• Kretschmer’s types: picnic-endomorphs, athletic-mesomorphs, asthenic-ectomorphs,
• Skinner and Bandura’s behavioral approach,
• Maslow and Rogers’ humanistic perspective on learning through life experiences.

INDIVIDUALS exhibit rational and emotional behaviors (enthusiasm, pleasure, fear, hatred, anxiety, anger, aggression) and harmonious or conflicting behaviors (trauma, stress, deep social and environmental changes, frustration, choice conflicts, dependence/independence, approach/disappointment, competition/cooperation, physical and psychological responses such as anxiety, anger, depression, emotional, problem-solving coping strategies, therapy, adaptation, obedience, adoption, and defense mechanisms like denial, projection, repression, regression, identification, avoidance, hypocrisy, compensation, sublimation, rationalization, displacement, and identification) due to their group (size, face-to-face interactions, consensus), statuses/positions, stabilizing or occasionally changing the social system (rebellion) with norms and sanctions, and continue the mutual interaction process with images and concepts.

The variations in individual behavior within or outside the tolerance limits of socially determined interaction lead to societal changes that form new social structures. SOCIOLOGICAL TRENDS:

This social change is explained by:

(12) Structural Functionalism (Talcott Parsons/Robert Merton, preceded by Max Weber), which stabilizes the social system and shows that society develops harmoniously,

(13) Social Conflict Theory (Ralph Dahrendorf, Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens, Norbert Elias, preceded by Karl Marx), which shows that social change develops disharmoniously due to cultural, political, legal, and judicial pressures. In this framework, social change and stasis

(14) Are explained by social psychology hypotheses through mutual interaction within “specific behavior tolerance limits” shaped by expected behaviors. According to the symbolic interactionist approach (Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer), these limits are broader, while the phenomenological approach (Alfred Schütz, Thomas Luckmann, Peter Berger) sees them as narrower.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS TO STUDY IN HUMANS:

Intelligence and abilities (logical-mathematical, social, visual, linguistic, intrapersonal, musical, naturalistic).

Individual differences can be approximately determined by the Eysenck test, Biography and Values test, Interest test, Association, and Story completion test:

(1) Extroversion/Introversion, (2) Acting on emotions/thoughts, (3) Acting by perceiving/judging, (4) Acting on perceptions/intuition.

Elements of healthy psychology include perceiving reality, controlled behavior, self-confidence, productivity, and social adaptation.

Psychological disorders in healthy psychology include:

(1) Mood disorders: mania, depression, bipolar disorder, (2) Psychosomatic disorders, (3) Anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety, panic, phobia, obsessive-compulsive), (4) Sexual disorders, (5) Sleep disorders, (6) Personality disorders (narcissistic, dependent, avoidant, psychopathic, paranoid), (7) Schizophrenia.

Various mental treatments (psychoanalysis, behavioral therapies: desensitization, reinforcement, modeling, cognitive, humanistic: actualization) are available for these issues.